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Kugereranya bateri muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu
Ubwoko bwa Batteri bubika ingufu nububiko bwimiti.Irashobora kugabanywamo bateri ya aside irike, batiri ya lithium, bateri ya nikel hydrogène, bateri itemba (bateri ya vanadium), batiri ya sodium sulfure, bateri ya karubone, nibindi ukurikije ubwoko bwa bateri yatoranijwe.

1. Kurongora bateri ya aside
Bateri ya aside irike irimo colloid na fluid (ibyo bita batiri isanzwe ya aside aside).Ubu bwoko bubiri bwa bateri bukoreshwa ukurikije uturere dutandukanye.Bateri ya colloid ifite ubukana bukomeye, kandi imbaraga zayo zikora ni nziza cyane kuruta iyo ya batiri y'amazi iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 15 ° C, kandi imikorere yubushyuhe bwayo ni nziza.

Bateri ya aside irike-aside ni iterambere kuri bateri isanzwe ya aside-aside hamwe na electrolyte y'amazi.Electrolyte ya colloid ikoreshwa mugusimbuza acide sulfurike electrolyte, ikaba iruta bateri isanzwe mubijyanye numutekano, ubushobozi bwo kubika, imikorere isohoka nubuzima bwa serivisi.Bateri ya colloidal gurş-acide ifata gel electrolyte, kandi nta mazi yubusa imbere.Munsi yubunini bumwe, electrolyte ifite ubushobozi bunini, ubushyuhe bwinshi, nubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, bushobora kwirinda ibintu byo gutwarwa nubushyuhe bwa bateri rusange;Kwangirika kw'isahani ya electrode birakomeye kubera ingufu za electrolyte nkeya;Kwishyira hamwe ni kimwe kandi nta stratifike ya electrolyte.

Batiyeri isanzwe ya aside-aside ni ubwoko bwa bateri ifite electrode ikozwe cyane cyane na gurşide na oxyde yayo, naho electrolyte nigisubizo cya acide sulfurike.Mugihe cyo gusohora batiri ya aside-aside, igice cyingenzi cya electrode nziza ni gurşide dioxyde, kandi igice cyingenzi cya electrode mbi ni gurş;Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ibyingenzi byingenzi bya electrode nziza nibibi ni sulfate.Umuvuduko w'izina wa batiri ya selile imwe ya aside-aside ni 2.0V, ishobora gusohoka kuri 1.5V ikishyurwa kuri 2.4V;Mugukoresha, bateri esheshatu imwe ya selile-acide ikoreshwa kenshi murukurikirane kugirango ikore 12V nominal ya aside-aside, kimwe na 24V, 36V, 48V, nibindi.

Ibyiza byayo birimo cyane cyane: gufunga umutekano, sisitemu yo kurekura ikirere, kubungabunga byoroshye, ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, ubuziranenge buhamye, kwizerwa cyane, no kubungabunga ubuntu;Ikibi ni uko umwanda uyoboye ari munini kandi ingufu zingana ni nke (ni ukuvuga cyane).

Batiri ya Litiyumu
"Batiri ya Litiyumu" ni ubwoko bwa bateri ifite ibyuma bya lithium cyangwa lithium alloy nkibikoresho bya cathode hamwe nigisubizo cya electrolyte idafite amazi.Igabanijwemo ibyiciro bibiri: bateri ya lithium ibyuma na batiri ya lithium.

Batiri ya Litiyumu isanzwe ikoresha dioxyde ya manganese nkibikoresho bya cathode, lithium yicyuma cyangwa ibyuma byayo bivanze nkibikoresho bya cathode, kandi ikoresha igisubizo cya electrolyte idafite amazi.Batteri ya Litiyumu muri rusange ikoresha lithium alloy metal oxyde nkibikoresho bya cathode, grafite nkibikoresho bya cathode, na electrolytite idafite amazi.Batteri ya Liyumu ion ntabwo irimo lithium metallic kandi irashobora kwishyurwa.Batiri ya lithium dukoresha mububiko bwingufu ni bateri ya lithium ion, bita "batiri ya lithium".

Batteri ya lithium ikoreshwa muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ahanini zirimo: batiri ya lithium fer fosifate, bateri ya lithium ya batiri na batiri ya lithium manganate.Batare imwe ifite voltage nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwagutse bwakazi, imbaraga zidasanzwe hamwe nubushobozi, hamwe nigipimo gito cyo gusohora.Umutekano nubuzima birashobora kunozwa ukoresheje uburyo bwo kurinda no kuringaniza.Kubwibyo, urebye ibyiza nibibi bya bateri zitandukanye, bateri ya lithium yabaye ihitamo rya mbere ryamashanyarazi abika ingufu bitewe nurwego rwinganda rukuze, umutekano, kwiringirwa no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Ibyiza byingenzi byingenzi ni: ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, kubika ingufu nyinshi, uburemere bworoshye no guhuza n'imihindagurikire;Ingaruka ni umutekano muke, guturika byoroshye, igiciro kinini hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa.

Litiyumu fer fosifate
Litiyumu ya fosifate ya batiri bivuga bateri ya lithium ion ikoresheje fosifate ya lithium nkibikoresho bya cathode.Ibikoresho bya cathode ya bateri ya lithium ion cyane cyane birimo lithium cobalate, lithium manganate, lithium nikel oxyde, ibikoresho bya ternary, fosifati ya lithium, nibindi.

Lithium fer fosifate nkibikoresho bya batiri ya lithium yagaragaye gusa mumyaka yashize.Mu 2005 ni bwo Ubushinwa bwateje ingufu nini ya lithium fer fosifate.Imikorere yumutekano nubuzima bwa cycle ntagereranywa nibindi bikoresho.Ubuzima bwinzira ya 1C kwishyuza no gusohora bigera inshuro 2000.Umuyagankuba urenze urugero wa bateri imwe ni 30V, utazatwika kandi gucumita ntibizaturika.Batteri ya Litiyumu ion ifite ubushobozi bunini bukozwe mubikoresho bya lithium fer fosifate cathode biroroshye gukoreshwa murukurikirane kugirango bikemurwe kenshi no gusohora ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.

Litiyumu ya fosifate ntabwo ari uburozi, idafite umwanda, umutekano, ibikoresho fatizo biva mu mahanga, bihendutse, ubuzima burebure nibindi byiza.Nibikoresho byiza bya cathode kubintu bishya bya batiri ya lithium ion.Batiri ya Litiyumu fer fosifate nayo ifite ibibi byayo.Kurugero, ubucucike bwibikoresho bya lithium fer fosifate cathode ni nto, kandi ingano ya batiri ya lithium fer fosifate ifite ubushobozi bungana ni nini kuruta bateri ya lithium ion nka lithium cobalate, bityo rero nta nyungu ifite muri bateri nto.

Bitewe nibiranga fosifate ya lithium fer, imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hasi iruta ibindi bikoresho bya cathode nka lithium manganate.Muri rusange, kuri selile imwe (menya ko ari selile imwe aho kuba ipaki ya batiri), imikorere yubushyuhe buke bwapimwe ipaki ya batiri irashobora kuba hejuru gato,

Ibi bifitanye isano nuburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe), igipimo cyacyo cyo kugumana ubushobozi ni 60 ~ 70% kuri 0 ℃, 40 ~ 55% kuri - 10 ℃, na 20 ~ 40% kuri - 20 ℃.Ibikorwa nkubushyuhe buke biragaragara ko bidashobora kuzuza ibisabwa byo gutanga amashanyarazi.Kugeza ubu, bamwe mu bakora inganda bateje imbere ubushyuhe buke bwa fosifate ya lithium fer mu kunoza sisitemu ya electrolyte, kunoza imikorere ya electrode nziza, kunoza imikorere no kunoza imiterere yimikorere.

Bateri ya lithium
Ternary polymer lithium bateri bivuga bateri ya lithium ifite ibikoresho bya cathode ni lithium nikel cobalt manganate (Li (NiCoMn) O2) ibikoresho bya cathode ya ternary.Ibikoresho bya ternary bigize cathode bikozwe mumunyu wa nikel, umunyu wa cobalt n'umunyu wa manganese nkibikoresho fatizo.Umubare wa nikel, cobalt na manganese muri bateri ya polymer lithium ya ternary urashobora guhinduka ukurikije ibikenewe nyabyo.Batare ifite ibikoresho bya ternary nka cathode ifite umutekano mwinshi ugereranije na batiri ya lithium cobalt, ariko voltage yayo ni mike cyane.

Ibyiza byingenzi byingenzi ni: imikorere myiza yizunguruka;Ikibi nuko ikoreshwa ari rito.Ariko, kubera gukaza umurego muri politiki yimbere mu gihugu kuri bateri ya lithium ya ternary, iterambere rya bateri ya lithium ya ternary ikunda kugenda gahoro.

Batiri ya Litiyumu manganate
Batiri ya Lithium manganate nimwe mubikoresho bitanga lithium ion cathode.Ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo bya cathode nka lithium cobalate, lithium manganate ifite ibyiza byumutungo ukungahaye, igiciro gito, nta mwanda uhari, umutekano mwiza, imikorere myiza yo kugwiza, nibindi nibikoresho bya cathode nziza kuri bateri.Nyamara, imikorere yayo idahwitse hamwe n’amashanyarazi adahwitse bigabanya cyane inganda zayo.Litiyumu manganate ikubiyemo cyane cyane spinel lithium manganate na lithium manganate.Spinel lithium manganate ifite imiterere ihamye kandi byoroshye kubona umusaruro winganda.Ibicuruzwa byamasoko yuyu munsi byose ni iyi miterere.Spinel lithium manganate ni ya sisitemu ya cubic sisitemu, itsinda rya Fd3m, hamwe nubushobozi bwihariye ni 148mAh / g.Kubera imiterere-yuburyo butatu, toni ya lithium irashobora guhindurwa igashyirwa muburyo bwa spinel idahagaritse gusenyuka kwimiterere, bityo ikaba ifite imikorere myiza yo gukuza no gutuza.

3. Batiri ya NiMH
Batiri ya NiMH ni ubwoko bwa bateri ifite imikorere myiza.Ikintu cyiza cya bateri ya nikel hydrogène ni Ni (OH) 2 (bita NiO electrode), ibintu bibi ni hydride yicyuma, nanone bita hydrogène ububiko bwa hydrogène (bita hydrogène ububiko bwa electrode), naho electrolyte ni 6mol / L potassium hydroxide yumuti .

Bateri ya Nickel icyuma cya hydride igabanyijemo bateri nini ya nikel yicyuma cya hydride hamwe na bateri ya hydride ya nikel.

Umuvuduko muke wa nikel icyuma cya hydride batiri ifite ibintu bikurikira: (1) Umuvuduko wa batiri ni 1.2 ~ 1.3 V, uhwanye na bateri ya nikel kadmium;(2) Ubucucike bukabije, inshuro zirenga 1.5 z'ububiko bwa nikel kadmium;(3) Kwishyuza byihuse no gusohora, imikorere myiza yubushyuhe buke;(4) Ikidodo gifatika, kirenze urugero kandi kirwanya gusohora;(5) Nta gisekuru cya dendritic kristal, gishobora gukumira imiyoboro migufi muri bateri;(6) Umutekano kandi wizewe, nta kwanduza ibidukikije, nta ngaruka zo kwibuka, nibindi.

Bateri ya hydrogen nini ya bateri ifite ibiranga bikurikira: (1) Kwizerwa gukomeye.Ifite ibyiza byo gusohora no kurinda amafaranga, irashobora kwihanganira igipimo kinini cyo gusohora kandi ntigire dendrite.Ifite umutungo mwiza.Ubushobozi bwayo bwihariye ni 60A · h / kg, bukubye inshuro 5 za bateri ya nikel kadmium.(2) Ubuzima burebure burigihe, inshuro ibihumbi.(3) Ikidodo cyuzuye, kubungabunga bike.(4) Ubushyuhe buke bukora neza, kandi ubushobozi ntibuhinduka cyane kuri - 10 ℃.

Ibyiza byingenzi bya batiri ya NiMH ni: ubwinshi bwingufu, kwishyuza byihuse no gusohora umuvuduko, uburemere bworoshye, ubuzima bumara igihe kirekire, nta kwanduza ibidukikije;Ingaruka ningaruka zo kwibuka nkeya, ibibazo byinshi byo kuyobora, kandi byoroshye gukora bateri imwe itandukanya gushonga.

4. Akagari ka selile
Bateri ya Liquid itemba ni ubwoko bushya bwa bateri.Bateri ya Liquid itemba ni bateri ikora cyane ikoresha electrolyte nziza kandi mbi kugirango itandukanye kandi izenguruke ukwayo.Ifite ibiranga ubushobozi buhanitse, ubugari bwagutse bwo gukoresha (ibidukikije) n'ubuzima burebure.Nibicuruzwa bishya byingufu muri iki gihe.

Bateri itemba ya Liquid isanzwe ikoreshwa muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za sitasiyo, igizwe nigice cya stack, igisubizo cya electrolyte hamwe nububiko bwa electrolyte hamwe nogutanga ibikoresho, kugenzura no gucunga, nibindi. Intangiriro igizwe na stack kandi (stack is igizwe na selile nyinshi zo kugabanya okiside igabanya) hamwe na selile imwe yo kwishyuza no gusohora ukurikije ibisabwa byihariye murukurikirane, kandi imiterere yabyo isa niy'akagari ka peteroli.

Batiri ya Vanadium itemba ni ubwoko bushya bwo kubika ingufu nibikoresho byo kubika ingufu.Ntishobora gukoreshwa gusa nkigikoresho cyo kubika ingufu zifasha ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba n’umuyaga, ariko irashobora no gukoreshwa mu kogosha cyane amashanyarazi kugira ngo urusheho gukomera n’umuriro w’amashanyarazi no kurinda umutekano w’amashanyarazi.Ibyiza byingenzi byingenzi ni: imiterere ihindagurika, ubuzima burebure bwigihe, ibihe byihuse byo gusubiza, kandi nta byangiza;Ikibi nuko ubwinshi bwingufu butandukana cyane.

5. Batiri ya sodium ya sulferi
Bateri ya sodium sulfure igizwe na pole nziza, pole mbi, electrolyte, diaphragm na shell.Bitandukanye na bateri isanzwe ya kabiri (bateri ya aside-aside, bateri ya nikel cadmium, nibindi), batiri ya sodium sulfure igizwe na electrode yashongeshejwe na electrolyte ikomeye.Ikintu gikora cya pole mbi ni sodium yicyuma gishongeshejwe, kandi ibintu bifatika bya pole nziza ni sulfure y'amazi na sodium polysulfide yashongeshejwe.Batiri ya kabiri hamwe na sodium yicyuma nka electrode mbi, sulfure nka electrode nziza na ceramic tube nka electrolyte itandukanya.Kurwego runaka rwakazi, ion ya sodium irashobora kwitwara neza hamwe na sulfure ikoresheje membrane ya electrolyte kugirango irekure kandi ibike.

Nubwoko bushya bwimbaraga za chimique, ubu bwoko bwa bateri bwateye imbere cyane kuva bwabaho.Sodium sulferi ya batiri ni ntoya mu bunini, nini mu bushobozi, igihe kirekire mu buzima kandi iri hejuru mu mikorere.Ikoreshwa cyane mububiko bwingufu zamashanyarazi nko kogosha impinga no kuzuza ikibaya, gutanga amashanyarazi yihutirwa no kubyara amashanyarazi.

Ibyiza byingenzi byingenzi nibi bikurikira: 1) Ifite ingufu zidasanzwe (nukuvuga, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zingirakamaro kuri mass mass cyangwa ingano ya bateri).Ingufu zayo zidasanzwe ni 760Wh / Kg, mu byukuri yarenze 150Wh / Kg, inshuro 3-4 za batiri ya aside-aside.2) Mugihe kimwe, irashobora gusohora nimbaraga nini kandi nini cyane.Ubucucike bwacyo buriho bushobora kugera kuri 200-300mA / cm2, kandi burashobora kurekura inshuro 3 zingufu zacyo mukanya;3) Kwishyuza cyane no gusohora neza.

Bateri ya sodium sulfure nayo ifite ibitagenda neza.Ubushyuhe bwakazi bukora ni 300-350 ℃, bateri rero igomba gushyuha kandi igakomeza gushyuha mugihe ikora.Nyamara, iki kibazo kirashobora gukemurwa neza ukoresheje tekinoroji ya vacuum ikora cyane.

6. Kuyobora bateri ya karubone
Amashanyarazi ya karubone ni ubwoko bwa batiri ya capacitif ya acide, ni tekinoroji yavuye muri batiri gakondo ya aside aside.Irashobora kuzamura cyane ubuzima bwa batiri ya aside aside yongeramo karubone ikora kuri pole mbi ya bateri.

Amashanyarazi ya karubone ni ubwoko bushya bwa bateri ya super, ihuza bateri ya aside irike hamwe na super capacitor: ntabwo itanga gusa gukina kubyiza byubushobozi bunini bwihuse bwo kwishyuza super capacitor, ariko kandi bigatanga gukina imbaraga zihariye. ibyiza bya batiri ya aside irike, kandi ifite imikorere myiza yo kwishyuza no gusohora - irashobora kwishyurwa byuzuye muminota 90 (niba bateri ya aside aside irishye kandi ikarekurwa murubu buryo, ubuzima bwabwo buri munsi yinshuro 30).Byongeye kandi, bitewe no kongeramo karubone (graphene), harakumirwa ikibazo cya sulfation ya electrode mbi, kikaba cyanonosora ibintu byananiranye na bateri kera kandi ikongerera igihe cya bateri.

Amashanyarazi ya karubone yambere ni uruvange rwa supercapacitor ya asimmetric na batiri ya aside aside muburyo bwo guhuza imbere.Nubwoko bushya bwa bateri ya super, bateri ya karubone iyobora ni ihuriro ryikoranabuhanga rya batiri ya aside aside na supercapacitor.Nibikorwa bibiri byingufu zibika ingufu hamwe nibiranga ubushobozi hamwe nibiranga bateri.Kubwibyo, ntabwo itanga gusa umukino wuzuye kubyiza bya super capacitori ako kanya amashanyarazi yumuriro nubushobozi bunini, ariko kandi itanga gukina byuzuye kubyiza byingufu za bateri ya aside-aside, ishobora kwishyurwa byuzuye mumasaha.Ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kwishyuza no gusohora.Bitewe no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya karubone, imikorere ya batiri ya karubone isumba kure cyane iy'umubyigano wa aside aside isanzwe, ishobora gukoreshwa mu binyabiziga bishya by’ingufu, nk'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi avanze, amagare y'amashanyarazi n'indi mirima;Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubijyanye no kubika ingufu nshya, nko kubyara ingufu z'umuyaga no kubika ingufu.